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The German phrase ''kaiserlich und königlich'' (, ''Imperial and Royal''), typically abbreviated as ''k. u. k.'', ''k. und k.'', ''k. & k.'' in German (in all cases the "und" is always spoken unabbreviated), ''cs. és k. (császári és királyi)'' in Hungarian, ''c. a k. (císařský a královský)'' in Czech, ''C. i K. (Cesarski i Królewski)'' in Polish, ''c. in k. (cesarski in kraljevski)'' in Slovenian, ''c. i kr. (carski i kraljevski)'' in Croatian, and I.R. (''imperial regio'') in Italian, refers to the Court of the Habsburgs in a broader historical perspective (see below). Some modern authors restrict its use to the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918. During that period, it indicated that the Habsburg monarch reigned simultaneously as the Emperor of Austria and as the King of Hungary, while the two territories were joined in a real union (akin to a two-state federation in this instance). The acts of the common government, which only was responsible for the Imperial & Royal ("I&R") Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the I&R Ministry of War and the I&R Ministry of Finance (financing only the two other ministries), were carried out in the name of "His Imperial and Royal Majesty" and the central governmental bodies had their names prefixed with ''k. u. k.'' == Symbolic employment of ''und'' or ''u.'' == Before 1867, the territories under the control of the Habsburg monarch in Vienna used ''kaiserlich und königlich''〔Franz Christoph von Scheyb, ''Heinrich Jasomirgott eine Lobschrift auf ihre kaiserliche und königliche Majestäten...'' Vienna, 1756.〕〔Renatus Karl von Senkenberg and Karl Christian von Senkenberg, ''An Ihro Kaiserliche und Königliche Majestät allerunterthänigster Gegenbericht () unter dem 30. Mai 1796 eingegebenen Bericht.'' Giessen, 1797.〕〔Ignaz Franz von Mosel, ''Geschichte der Kaiserliche und Königliche Hofbibliothek zu Wien.'' Vienna, 1835.〕〔(), ''Historische Märsche und sonstige Compositionen für das kaiserliche und königliche Heer. Instrumentirt für vollständige Militär-Musik. Vom k. u. k. Reichs-Kriegs-Ministerium autorisierte Ausgabe.'' Vienna, 1845.〕 or the hyphenated ''kaiserlich-königlich'' interchangeably. Neither of the spellings defined a hierarchy among the Habsburg dynastic kingdoms, principalities, duchies, and other bodies politic. The Habsburg monarchs ruled the kingdoms of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia as their Kings. The title ''Emperor'' applied to their role as heads of the conglomerate of the mostly German states called the Holy Roman Empire until 1806. The same title, ''Emperor'', came to identify their role as rulers of the newly named Austrian Empire that the Habsburgs attributed so from 11 August 1804. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Hungarians insisted on the ''und'' ("and"), not the hyphen, in all usage in line with the new autonomous status of the kingdom within the Habsburg lands. Use of the phrase "Kaiserlich ''und'' königlich" was decreed in a letter written by the Emperor on October 17, 1889〔The given year 1889 could be a typing error; 1869 would be appropriate.〕 for the military, the navy and the institutions shared by both parts of the empire.〔From the Otto's encyclopedia (published during 1888-1909), subject 'King', (online in Czech ).〕 Subsequently, the abbreviation ''k.k.'' only referred to the institutions of the "Austrian" part of Austria-Hungary (Cisleithania). The abbreviation ''m.k.'' (Hungarian: ''magyar királyi''), or ''kgl. ung.'' (German: ''königlich ungarisch''), both meaning "Royal Hungarian", was applied in reference to the governmental bodies of the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania). In official documents, the abbreviation used provides information on the lands targeted: * k.k. or k.-k., meaning "imperial (Austria) – royal (Bohemia)", pertains to the Austrian Empire before 1867 and to the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918 * k.u.k., meaning "imperial (Austria) and royal (Hungary)", pertains to the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Imperial and Royal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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